Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidtrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae nagaraja were made againstcryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western cape province, south africa, over 2 successive seasons. The false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. About 5 generation per year may develop at pretoria. For example, the protocol for the control of medfly consists of exposure of the commodity to 0. The african journal of plant science and biotechnology 2 2, 4648 2008 global science books for the local markets. The stinkbug was observed to cause 5570% of nut losses in. False codling moth has been frequently intercepted at united states ports of entry in both cargo and passenger luggage. Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology. False codling moth larvae are difficult to detect once they enter the fruit.
Field trials were conducted in the western cape province, south africa, to develop a sex pheromone dispenser suitable for monitoring the flight activity of false codling moth. Cryptex contains an isolate of cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv which was isolated from a population of false codling moth originating in south africa. They are among the frequently used beneficial biocontrol agents of numerous insect pests in agriculture, forestry and health. Pdf baculovirus biopesticides are an important component of integrated pest.
The pest was first recorded in israel in the 1980s and has remained at low population levels although extending its geographic range. The absence of a diapause may lead to host shifts and varied developmental rates in times of drought or when preferred host plants are unavailable. Cultural control suggestions are based on the use of manual labour practices to combat. This species was previously known as cryptophlebia leucotreta but was removed from the genus. Larvae structure as a basis for certain indentification of false codling moth argyroploce leucotreta, meyr. The main features of the biology of baculoviruses hunterfujita et al. This pest has not been found within the united states.
False codling moth fcm, thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus orange and other plants causing fruit loss through larval feeding. Thaumatotibia cryptophlebia leucotreta, commonly known as the false codling moth, orange moth, citrus codling moth or orange codling moth, is a moth in the family tortricidae under the order of lepidoptera. International atomic energy agency, 429 meadow ridge drive, tallahassee, fl 32312. Verification of inspection standards and efficacy of a. Thaumatotibia leucotreta, the false codling moth fcm, is a phytosanitary pest in south. Newton pj, thomas cd, mastro vc, schwalbe cp, 1993. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The larvae have a less selective diet than the codling moth, which feeds primarily on. It is native to india, sri lanka, nepal, indonesia, china, taiwan, vietnam, thailand, western malaysia, new guinea, the philippines, japan, guam, the caroline islands, australia and has been introduced to hawa.
Understanding and improving the residual efficacy of the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus cryptogran supervisors. The false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyr. Areawide control tactics for the false codling moth. Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv is a tortricidspeci. Viruses free fulltext the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus. Find instructions for regulatory treatments in the ppq treatment manual. At 20 and 25 deg c oviposition increased rapidly soon after the first egg was laid, but at 15 deg c it. The genome of the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv was sequenced and analyzed. In south africa the life span of the male and female false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta was observed as well as egg laying at constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25 degc. Thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick, the false codling moth, is an important tortricid pest that is highly polyphagous. Cryptophlebia leucotreta an overview sciencedirect topics.
In the last 15 years, extensive work on the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus. Natural enemies biological control the fcm egg parasitoid, trichogramma cryptophlebiae, is naturally abundant in citrus orchards, but can also be purchased commercially to combat fcm infestations. It was thus a pest of phytosanitary concern and impeded the export of citrus to certain countries. Comparison of the biology of geographically distinct populations of the citrus pest, thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. In trade destined to the eu it is most often intercepted on capsicum spp. The morphology of members of the baculoviridae family of insect pathogenic viruses 17 fig 1. In the last 15 years, extensive work on the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv has been conducted in south africa, initially in the laboratory, but. Thaumatotibia leucotreta is not known to diapause, and development is continuous with adults present yearround. Fcm is a pest of economic importance to many crops throughout subsaharan africa, south africa, and the islands of the atlantic and indian oceans and is classified as quarantine.
Cryptophlebia ombrodelta, the litchi fruit moth or macadamia nut borer, is a moth of the family tortricidae. This afrotropical species is occasionally imported accidentally as a larva in oranges and other fruits and seeds, including chilli peppers. Phytosanitary systems for safe trade and food security. Pdf the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus10 years.
Controlledrelease pheromone dispenser for use in traps to. Apr 07, 2015 in addition to this internal damage, the holes on the surface caused by the caterpillar expose the fruit to disease and mould. Biology and ecology of the false codling moth, thaumatotibia. During the last 4 wk before harvest, 22 of the 33 orchards were compliant with. African isolate of cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegvsa. Viruses free fulltext the cryptophlebia leucotreta. Tortricidae is native to ethiopia and subsaharan africa. The doublestranded circular genome contains 110907 bp and potentially encodes 129 predicted open. Although this pest is native to subsaharan africa little is known on its performance on orange and vegetables in kenya and tanzania. The eppo panel on phytosanitary measures decided that this pest should be added to the eppo alert list. Biological control of the false codling moth, cryptophlebia.
Both sexes lived longest at 15 degc, while most eggs were laid at 25 degc. False codling moth larvae eggs are laid singly and are difficult to detect. In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a zero moving wall, so their current issues are available. Larvae are moderately polyphagous and have been recorded feeding on plants in several families. Clgv cryptophlebia leucotreta granulosis virus acronymfinder.
Acclimation had a positive effect on the probability of adult t. Larvae of the moth feed on a wide range of crops from cotton and macadamia nuts to citrus species. Understanding pest biology and its interaction with natural enemies and the. This species is a pest of cultivated crops and indigenous. The moving wall represents the time period between the last issue available in jstor and the most recently published issue of a journal. They are natural enemies of numerous insects, which employ mutually related bacterial symbionts to rapidly kill their insect host. Clgv stands for cryptophlebia leucotreta granulosis virus. In laboratory studies in south africa on the biology of cryptophlebia leucotreta meyr. Pdf the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus10 years of. Cryptophlebia leucotreta an endemic pest in kenya which is affecting market access in europe, especially for cut flowers but also some other horticultural products such as capsicum maize lethal necrosis disease the disease was introduced in. Thaumatotibia leucotreta an overview sciencedirect topics. New challenges for biological control june 7 11, 2015, riga, latvia.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Botany for degree studentspteridophyta by a k sinha. This culminated in the registration of the first crlegvbased biopesticide in 2004 hence, the 10 years of commercial use in the field and the second one. Tortricidae, is a pest in africa, infesting, inter alia, certain citrus cultivars in southern africa. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license. Developing a generic contingency plan for groups of exotic pests will ensure the industry is prepared. Possibilities for the biological control of the false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta lepidoptera. Control of cotton insect and mite pests in subtropical.
Cryptophlebia leucotreta are used in this contingency plan as examples of exotic. False codling moth thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick, 19 synonyms. Pdf comparison of the biology of geographically distinct. Tortricidae, an important pest of citrus, cotton, maize, and other economically important crops in tropical and subtropical africa. Thomas, in postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits. Improved twocomponent blend of the synthetic female sex pheromone of cryptophlebia leucotreta, and identification of an attractant for c. Thaumatotibia cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick tortricidae the false codling moth thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick is a key pest of citrus, stone fruit, and other crops in many countries in subsaharan africa carpenter et al. Understanding and improving the residual efficacy of the.
Genome analysis and genetic stability of the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegvsa after 15 years of commercial use as a biopesticide. Field and laboratory performance of false codling moth. Radiation biology and inherited sterility in false codling moth lepidoptera. A study of the biology of the false codling moth cryptophlebia leucotreta meyr. False codling moth thaumatotibia leucotreta ukmoths. Clgv is defined as cryptophlebia leucotreta granulosis virus rarely. Characterisation of novel crlegv isolates for false codling moth. False codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick, male and female mature pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with increasing doses of gamma radiation and either inbred or outcrossed with fertile counterparts. This paper was presented at a meeting of the german society for general and applied entomology in 1987. The false codling moth fcm, thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. Comparison of the biology of geographically distinct. Vincent damico meeting logo and program book front cover design.
Cryptex can be applied without additives such as molas ses or sugar and prevents damage within the first year of application. Cryptophlebia ombrodelta is an important pest of macadamia, litchi, and longan fruit in asia, australia, and hawaii. Biology and ecology of the false codling moth, thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick thesis presented for the degree of master of science in agriculture entomology, in the faculty of agrisciences at. Seventeen of the 33 orchards exceeded the standard of greater than 0. Both sexes lived longest at 15 deg c, while most eggs were laid at 25 deg c. The discovery of beneficial interactions creates an opportunity for the development of novel biopesticides for improved control of. Entomopathogenic nematodes epns are obligate parasites to insects. Abstract book 15th meeting of the iobcwprs working group microbial and nematode control of invertebrate pests new challenges for biological control june 7 11, 2015, riga, latvia. Aims of study for investigating and improving the field persistence of cryptogran 28 chapter 2 fig 2. The cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus10 years of. Thaumatotibia leucotreta is an internal fruitfeeding tortricid that does not undergo diapause. The false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick. Baculovirus biopesticides are an important component of integrated pest management programmes worldwide.
It is not known to be established in north america touhey, 2010. The false codling moth thaumatotibia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. One such example is the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv which is used for the control of false codling moth, thaumatotibia cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. Journal of entomology and nematology entomopathogenic. In the last 15 years, extensive work on the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv has been conducted in south africa, initially in the laboratory, but subsequently also in the field. How is cryptophlebia leucotreta granulosis virus abbreviated. As many as 10 generations are possible per year in south africa. Thaumatotibia cryptophlebia leucotreta has been regularly intercepted by several eppo member countries. The species was first described by oswald bertram lower in 1898. Radiation biology and inherited sterility in false codling. This contingency plan provides background information on the biology of the pest, available control. South african isolate of cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus.
In 1998 an experiment was conducted for the republic of. Tortricidae, a pest of citrus and other crops in south africa. Control of the false codling moth with the isomate mating. It is native to india, sri lanka, nepal, indonesia, china, taiwan, vietnam, thailand, western malaysia, new guinea, the philippines, japan, guam, the caroline islands, australia and has been introduced to hawaii. False codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick, male and female mature pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with increasing doses of g. This page was last edited on 27 august 2019, at 06. Tortricidae has been known as a pest of citrus since the beginning of the century. Lepidoptera are among the greatest pests of agricultural crops globally, imposing a huge financial and socio. This culminated in the registration of the first crlegvbased biopesticide in 2004 hence, the 10 years of commercial use in the field and the second one three years later. A controlledrelease dispenser capable of releasing sex pheromone at a predetermined and constant release rate without replacement for more than seven months was produced.
Host status of commercial mango cultivars to thaumatotibia. Mini risk assessment false codling moth, thaumatotibia cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick lepidoptera. A granulovirus isolated from cryptophlebia leucotreta larvae was shown through restriction endonuclease analysis to be a novel strain crlegvsa. One such example is the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv which is. Larvae structure as a basis for certain indentification of false codling moth argyroploce leucotreta. A study of the biology of the false codling moth cryptophlebia. Population studies of the false codling moth, cryptophlebia leucotreta meyrick on citrus in the transvaal.
These epns are continuing to constitute a great deal of interest for. Laboratory and field host utilization by established biological control agents of lantana camara l. New pest response guidelines false codling moth thaumatotibia. Kirstin alexa williams msc, w, f, 2003 ft spatial and temporal occurrence of forensically important south african blowflies diptera. Cold quarantine treatments or cold sterilization are allowed for control of the pests c. Tortricidae, is an indigenous pest of citrus and other crops in subsaharan areas of africa. The genome of the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus. The pest is difficult to detect without pheromone traps, but published information is. The moth was first described as a pest of citrus in natal fuller, 1901. Mar 19, 2015 in the last 15 years, extensive work on the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus crlegv has been conducted in south africa, initially in the laboratory, but subsequently also in the field. A granulosis virus of cryptophlebia leucotreta formulated in sprays at 108 and 109 granulesml with skimmed milk powder and a wetting agent reduced damage by the tortricid by 77% on citrus and by 65% on peppers capsicum in cape verde.
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